The first known Jewish resident of what is now the state of Illinois was John Hays, a grandson of a New York Jew, who moved west to Cahokia, IL in 1793. Hays was a farmer and trader who, in addition to his professions, possessed great dedication to serving his country and community, having been a soldier, postmaster and sheriff.

The second known Jew who lived in Illinois prior to statehood was Abraham Jonas who, in 1838, moved to Quincy, IL from Cincinnati. In 1842, he was elected to the Illinois legislature where he met a young Abraham Lincoln. The two would become lifelong friends. Another notable Illinoisan was Captain Samuel Noah, the first Jewish graduate of West Point Military Academy, who, in the late 1840s, worked as a teacher in Mount Pulaski, in Logan County.

Outside of Chicago, where Jews began settling in the 1830s, the oldest Jewish community in Illinois can be found in Peoria, where Jews arrived in 1847. Peoria’s Jewish Benevolent Society was created in 1852, and seven years later, Peoria’s first synagogue, Congregation Anshai Emeth, was established. About 75 miles south of Peoria, a Jewish community in Springfield began to grow around 1850, and B’rith Sholom, Springfield’s first synagogue, was founded in 1858. In 1863, Jews ventured further south to Cairo when Union General Ulysses S. Grant established his headquarters there.

Kehilat Anshei Ma-arav (KAM), Chicago’s first synagogue, was founded in 1847 by German immigrants. Within five years, 20 Polish immigrants broke away and created Chicago’s second synagogue, Kehilath B’nai Sholom. By 1859, Chicago had a United Hebrew Relief Association, established by 15 Jewish organizations. After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, Jews began moving to the suburbs. Yet, the late 1870s brought a new immigration wave of Jews to Chicago from Eastern Europe. Also of note, in 1923, the first campus “Hillel House,” established by the B’nai B’rith Hillel Foundation, was established at the University of Illinois in Urbana.

In 1933, one hundred years after its incorporating, there were 270,000 Jews living in Chicago, representing 9% of the entire population of the “Second City.” One of the early settlers of Chicago was Henry Horner, whose grandson, of the same name, would become the first Jewish governor of Illinois. At the time, the only Jewish population centers larger than Chicago were in New York City and Warsaw, Poland.

Eventually, the Jews, like residents of so many other cities, moved to the suburbs. The largest Jewish “sprawl” moved west into the North Lawndale area, which housed 60 synagogues, the Hebrew Theological College and the Douglas Library, where a young Golda (née Meyerson) Meir worked for a short period. After World War II, wealthier Chicago Jews moved to West Rogers Park, on the Far North Side. By the 1960s, 40% of the families in Niles Township (where Skokie is situated) were Jewish. Other Chicago suburbs that enjoy large Jewish populations are Winnetka, Glencoe, Highland Park, Evanston and Oak Park.

As of 2020, there were almost 320,000 Jews living in the Chicago Metropolitan area alone.

On December 3, 1818, Illinois became the 21st state in the Union.

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