Splitting the Atom

Those who follow movie news know that one of the biggest films of 2023 has been “Oppenheimer” which chronicles the career of the famous Jewish American theoretical physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer and his work creating the atomic bomb.

Julius Robert Oppenheimer was born on April 22, 1904, to Julius and Ella Oppenheimer. His father, a Jewish German immigrant, came to the United States penniless and uneducated, only to become a wealthy textile executive; his mother grew up in Baltimore. J. Robert attended prep schools in Manhattan and matriculated to Harvard College where he graduated Summa Cum Laude. He moved from Cambridge, Massachusetts to Cambridge University in England where he studied theoretical physics, and eventually received his doctorate at the University of Göttingen in Germany. In 1929, Oppenheimer returned to the United States as an associate professor at the University of California at Berkeley.

In October 1941, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved “The Manhattan Project,” a secret program to develop an atomic bomb. In June of 1942, Oppenheimer was named head of the secret laboratory. In order to facilitate greater security and camaraderie, Oppenheimer moved the lab to Los Alamos, NM. There, Oppenheimer’s team succeeded in creating the world’s first atom bombs, which were used by the U.S. to end its war with Japan.

The Americans dropped “Little Boy” over Hiroshima, Japan on August 6, 1945, and “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945, resulting in Japan’s unconditional surrender.

After World War II, Oppenheimer assumed the directorship of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ. Oppenheimer advocated for the international monitoring of atomic energy and cautioned about the escalating arms race. He joined other notable scientists such as Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell, to decry the negative uses of scientific discovery. He also faced scrutiny in the early days of the Cold War over his past association with Communist organizations, leading to his virtual excommunication from the world of academic science.

For his services as director of Los Alamos, Oppenheimer was awarded the Medal for Merit from President Harry S. Truman in 1946.